Proven Studies on the Benefits of the Ingredients Used in 21Collagen

In this section, you’ll find a selection of scientific studies demonstrating the effectiveness of the ingredients in the 21Collagen formula. Each ingredient has been carefully chosen for its beneficial properties, and specialized research confirms their role in supporting the health of your skin, joints, hair, and overall well-being. Learn how each component contributes to visible, long-lasting results.

Marine Collagen

Marine collagen is one of the most effective forms of hydrolyzed collagen, with rapid absorption due to its low molecular weight. Studies show it improves skin elasticity, reduces wrinkles, and supports joints and tissue regeneration. Discover here the research that confirms its health and beauty benefits.

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Collagen is one of the main components of the extracellular matrix of the dermis and articular cartilage, influencing the mechanical properties, organization, and formation of tissues in the body. Derived from by-products of the food industry, it is considered a widely used nutraceutical ingredient or supplement in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. This study aimed to review the scientific evidence on the beneficial effects of collagen consumption in treating skin and orthopedic conditions. Literature data show that hydrolyzed collagen supplementation brings positive changes in the skin, such as reduced wrinkle formation, increased elasticity and hydration, as well as enhanced collagen content, density, and synthesis—factors closely linked to age-related skin degradation. Regarding orthopedic conditions, collagen supplementation increases bone strength, density, and mass; improves joint stiffness, mobility, and functionality; and reduces pain. These results correlate with age-related bone mass loss and injuries caused by intense physical activities. Therefore, this review addresses the economic potential and health benefits of this source of amino acids and bioactive peptides extracted from food industry by-products.

The use of nutraceuticals such as collagen in skincare is continuously on the rise, yet there are few regulations governing the quality, absorption, and efficacy of these products. To address these gaps in knowledge, clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the potential effects of collagen-based dietary supplements on the skin. A literature review and evaluation of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed to establish the efficacy of collagen supplementation in improving skin quality, delivering anti-aging benefits, and its potential applicability in medical dermatology. A PubMed search was carried out using the terms “collagen” AND (“supplement” OR “food” OR “nutrition”), with no lower limit on publication year. Inclusion criteria were: randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials of collagen supplementation in human subjects, related to dermatology, and published in English. Eleven studies met these criteria, encompassing a total of 805 participants. Eight studies administered hydrolyzed collagen at doses ranging from 2.5 g/day to 10 g/day over 8 to 24 weeks for the treatment of pressure ulcers, xerosis, skin aging, and cellulite. Two studies used collagen in tripeptide form (3 g/day) for 4 to 12 weeks, demonstrating significant improvements in skin elasticity and hydration. One study evaluated collagen dipeptides and found that anti-aging efficacy was proportional to the ingested dose of dipeptidic collagen. Preliminary results indicate that oral collagen supplementation may be beneficial both in the short term and long term for wound healing and slowing the skin-aging process. Oral collagen supplements were shown to increase skin elasticity, hydration, and dermal collagen density—and were generally well tolerated, with no adverse effects reported.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder, causing pain, disability, and significant socio-economic costs worldwide. Currently, there are no approved medications that alter the course of OA, and chronic use of symptomatic drugs raises certain safety concerns. In this context, dietary supplements and nutraceuticals have become options of interest. Among these, collagen stands out in particular; however, this term encompasses different types of collagen with varied structures, compositions, and origins, which may result in distinct properties and effects.

Oral supplementation with certain amino acids (such as methionine, taurine, and cysteine) may be helpful for people with hair loss, such as androgenetic alopecia (AGA or FAGA) or telogen effluvium (TE). Oral administration of hydrolyzed collagen (HC) has been shown to have benefits for nail and skin health and may improve hair growth. Recently, a dietary supplement in tablet form has appeared on the market, containing fish collagen (300 mg/dose), taurine, cysteine, methionine, iron, and selenium. To date, there are no controlled data on the clinical efficacy of this product as an adjunct to specific hair loss treatments in these conditions. To evaluate and compare the efficacy and tolerability of an oral supplement based on CH and amino acids in people with hair loss caused by AGA/FAGA or chronic TE, in combination with specific drug treatments, compared to drug treatments administered without this supplement. In a prospective, randomized, blinded study conducted over a 12-week period, 83 participants (mean age 41 ± 16 years; 26 men and 57 women) were included. Of these, 59 suffered from AGA/FAGA (Hamilton I-VA, Ludwig I-1, II-2) and 24 from chronic TE. Participants were assigned to either group A (N=48), which received the oral supplement (1 tablet/day) in combination with specific drug treatment chosen by the investigator based on the type of hair loss, or group B (N=35), which received specific drug treatment alone. The primary efficacy endpoint was the global assessment score (GAS) on a 7-point scale (ranging from +3: Major Improvement to -3: Major Worsening; with 0 representing “no change”). The GAS score was determined based on standardized photographs analyzed by an investigator blinded to the treatment group at weeks 6 and 12. A secondary endpoint was the assessment of the acceptability of the treatment regimen, using a 10-point rating scale. Seventy-six participants (91.6%) completed the 12-week study. At week 6, the GAS score was 0.5 ± 0.2 in group A and 0.0 ± 0.1 in group B (p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney test). At week 12, the GAS score in group A was significantly higher compared to that in group B (1.67 ± 0.16 vs. 0.66 ± 0.20, p < 0.001; Mann-Whitney test). A higher percentage of participants in group A achieved a GAS score ≥2 compared to group B (50% vs. 23%). The oral supplement was generally well tolerated. A dietary supplement containing hydrolyzed collagen of fish origin, taurine, cysteine, methionine, iron, and selenium has been shown to improve the clinical efficacy of specific treatments against hair loss in people with AGA/FAGA or chronic TE.

Fish-derived collagen has recently gained popularity as an alternative source of collagen, with bioactive properties that support hair and skin health. In addition, it is cost-effective, has increased bioavailability, and has fewer side effects than collagen from pork or bovine skin. Collagen peptides (CPs) extracted from the scales of the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) have demonstrated benefits for hair and skin health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CPs on hair growth in in vitro and in vivo models. Administered in vitro, CPs significantly improved hair regeneration and proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs). To confirm the hair growth-stimulating effects, CP was orally administered for six weeks to C57BL/6 mice, divided into four groups: negative control (distilled water), positive control (finasteride 1 mg/kg), CP500 (500 mg/kg) and CP1000 (1000 mg/kg). Treatment with CP significantly increased hDPC proliferation compared to 0.2 μM finasteride, also supporting hair regeneration. In particular, CP1000 achieved a hair growth index similar to that of the positive control group. Histological analyses (H&E staining) revealed an increased A/T ratio in the CP-treated groups. CP also increased the expression of hair growth factors (IGF-1, VEGF, krt27, Gprc5d and Ki67) and reduced the growth inhibitory factor (TGF-β1). In addition, CP significantly activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and repressed the BMP signaling pathways. These findings suggest that fish collagen peptides can be used as dietary supplements and nutraceuticals to prevent hair loss, as well as to stimulate hair regeneration in alopecia areata.

Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic acid is recognized in numerous studies for its ability to retain an impressive amount of water, thus contributing to deep hydration and maintaining tissue elasticity. In addition to its beneficial effects on the skin, research shows that it can also support joint health by lubricating cartilage. Hyaluronic acid can also accelerate the healing and regeneration processes, playing a key role in maintaining the health and suppleness of the body.

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Hyaluronic acid is naturally produced by the body, playing a role in maintaining moisture, lubricating tissues, and supporting various functions, such as skin health, wound healing, and bone strength. Supplementing with hyaluronic acid can increase skin hydration, reduce the appearance of wrinkles, and help maintain a firmer complexion. Studies indicate that it may also speed up the wound healing process, due to its anti-inflammatory action. For joints, hyaluronic acid acts as a lubricant, relieving symptoms of osteoarthritis. It may also relieve symptoms of gastric reflux, support eye health by reducing dryness, and help prevent bladder pain, although research is ongoing. With numerous applications, its benefits are promising. Hyaluronic acid is used in various forms, such as oral supplements, topical serums, eye drops, and intra-articular injections. Studies show that it is generally safe and well-tolerated, with minimal side effects. In particular, pregnant or breastfeeding women, as well as people with a history of cancer, should consult a doctor before using it. Some research suggests that injections may have a slightly increased risk of unwanted effects, so medical monitoring is important. In conclusion, hyaluronic acid offers a number of benefits for overall health, but further studies are needed to confirm the optimal recommended doses and indications.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is present in many tissues throughout the body, playing a key role in maintaining skin hydration—skin contains about half of the body’s total HA mass. Because of its viscosity and moisturizing effect, HA is widely used as a pharmaceutical agent, cosmetic ingredient, food additive, and, more recently, as a very popular oral supplement in Japan to boost skin hydration. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, orally administered HA was shown to increase skin hydration and improve treatment outcomes in patients with dry skin. It has also been reported that ingested HA is absorbed into the body and partially distributed to the skin, where it enhances HA synthesis and stimulates fibroblast proliferation. These effects indicate that oral HA hydrates the skin and can improve quality of life for individuals with dry skin. This review examines the hydrating effects of oral HA on dry skin and synthesizes the mechanisms involved, from absorption to pharmacological action.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is present in all connective tissues and organs, including the skin and joint fluid. However, few clinical studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of oral HA administration on skin condition, including wrinkles and hydration. In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 40 healthy Asian men and women, aged 35–64, received 120 mg of HA daily for 12 weeks. Skin condition was assessed by measuring wrinkle severity, stratum corneum water content, transepidermal water loss, and skin elasticity, as well as by imaging analysis. After 12 weeks, the HA group showed significant improvements in wrinkle assessment, stratum corneum hydration, transepidermal water loss, and skin elasticity compared to the placebo group. With respect to percentage change from baseline, wrinkle severity, stratum corneum water content, and skin elasticity improved significantly in the HA group versus placebo after both 8 and 12 weeks of supplementation. These results suggest that oral ingestion of HA can contribute to wrinkle reduction and overall skin improvement.

Oral supplementation with anti‐aging skin agents is becoming increasingly widespread. Hyaluronic acid (HA) stands out as a promising candidate, being a key factor in maintaining tissue hydration. In our study, we evaluated the effect of an oral HA formula—diluted in a cascade‐fermented organic food concentrate and supplemented with biotin, vitamin C, copper, and zinc (Regulatpro Hyaluron)—on skin water content, elasticity, roughness, and wrinkle depth. Twenty healthy women aged 45–60 took the product once daily for 40 days. Skin parameters were measured objectively before the first dose and again at 20 and 40 days. Administration of the HA solution led to a significant increase in skin elasticity and hydration, as well as a notable decrease in skin roughness and wrinkle depth. The supplement was well tolerated, with no adverse effects reported during the study.

Skin aging is a multifactorial process that includes two distinct and independent mechanisms: intrinsic aging and extrinsic aging. Young skin maintains its turgor, resilience, and suppleness, among other qualities, thanks to its high water content. Daily external aggressors, along with the natural aging process, lead to moisture loss. The principal molecule responsible for maintaining skin hydration is hyaluronic acid (HA), due to its unique ability to retain water. HA metabolism is complex, with multiple levels regulating its synthesis, storage, association with cells and proteins, and its degradation. The enzymes that synthesize or catabolize HA, as well as the HA receptors responsible for many of its functions, belong to multigene families with distinct tissue‐specific expression patterns. Understanding HA metabolism in the skin’s layers and its interactions with other cutaneous components will enable rational modulation of skin hydration levels.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is particularly abundant in synovial fluid. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies conducted between 2008 and 2015 have demonstrated HA’s efficacy in treating symptoms associated with synovitis—especially knee pain, reduction of effusion or synovial inflammation, and improvement of knee muscle strength. The mechanism by which HA exerts its effects in the body—namely binding to receptors on the intestinal epithelium—has gradually been clarified. This review examines HA’s impact on knee pain as evaluated in clinical trials, as well as its mechanism of action and safety profile.

Vitamin C

According to studies, Vitamin C plays an essential role in protecting cells against oxidative stress, supports the immune system and contributes to collagen synthesis, thus promoting the maintenance of healthy skin and wound healing. It also improves the absorption of iron in the body, supporting metabolic balance and preventing associated deficiencies.

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Ascorbic acid (AA) is essential for collagen biosynthesis, acting as a cofactor for prolyl- and lysyl-hydroxylases and as a stimulator of collagen gene expression. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between AA and collagen expression by analyzing short- and long-term effects after a single AA administration in culture. However, none of these studies have closely monitored AA stability in the medium or intracellular AA levels over an extended period. To address this gap, we examined intracellular AA levels and its stability during prolonged exposure of human skin fibroblasts in vitro. Additionally, we assessed the effects on type I and IV collagen expression and on the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter (SVCT) when the 100 µM AA-containing medium was refreshed every 24 hours for five days to prevent AA depletion. Throughout this long-term culture, intracellular AA levels remained constant; mRNA expression for type I and IV collagen and for SVCT2 increased, and type I procollagen synthesis rose. These results suggest that human skin fibroblasts exposed to AA over an extended period exhibit elevated mRNA expression of type I/IV collagen and SVCT2, as well as enhanced type I procollagen synthesis.

The primary function of the skin is to act as a barrier against harmful environmental factors, and its unique structure reflects this role. The skin consists of two layers: the outer, cell-rich epidermis responsible for barrier function, and the inner dermis, which provides strength and elasticity while supplying nutritional support to the epidermis. Normal skin contains high levels of vitamin C, a substance known to support critical functions such as stimulating collagen synthesis and offering antioxidant protection against UV-induced photodamage. These findings are often cited to justify including vitamin C in topical products; however, the effectiveness of this approach compared to optimizing dietary vitamin C intake is not yet fully understood. This review discusses the possible roles of vitamin C in maintaining skin health and summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo research. We also compare the efficacy of dietary vitamin C consumption versus topical application, identify areas where a lack of scientific evidence limits our understanding of vitamin C’s potential skin benefits, and suggest which aspects of skin health may gain the most from enhanced nutritional vitamin C intake.

Ascorbic acid is a potent stimulator of type I and III collagen expression in human skin fibroblasts; it has previously been reported to increase both the synthesis of type I and III collagen and their mRNA levels. Nuclear run-on experiments have shown that ascorbic acid enhanced transcription of the type I and III collagen genes by 4-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, while type IV collagen transcription was only mildly stimulated (1.7-fold). These results suggest that ascorbic acid preferentially upregulates transcription of the type I and III collagen genes.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), approximately 14% of adults have been diagnosed with osteoarthritis (OA) or exhibit symptoms suggestive of the disease. The CDC also notes that OA incidence has gradually increased over the past 30 years. More concerning is that this trend is expected to accelerate due to population aging and rising obesity rates, underscoring an urgent need for more effective preventive treatments and therapies to address this public health crisis. Among proposed therapeutic approaches, antioxidant supplementation has become an intense focus of study over the last decade, given its potential to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in chondrocytes—a critical step in OA pathogenesis. Vitamin C has emerged as one of the most promising antioxidant candidates and has been investigated in numerous animal and human studies in recent years. Although many of these studies have reported encouraging results for OA prevention, others have reached opposing conclusions, making the data controversial. However, a review of these studies suggests that certain variables may not have been adequately controlled during data collection. Ultimately, there is an urgent need for more randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials to fully determine whether vitamin C therapy is effective in treating and/or preventing OA.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage, changes in the physicochemical properties of synovial fluid, and macrostructural alterations within the joint. Patients with grade I and II knee osteoarthritis can be treated pharmacologically. Vitamin C is essential both for preventing inflammatory arthritis and for maintaining healthy joints in OA. Our study aimed to assess the efficacy of adding vitamin C to nutraceutical medications used in knee arthritis therapy for young adults. Results: Group B showed a lower VAS pain score at 6 and 12 months (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in KSS scores over the entire monitoring period. Group B also reported a better quality of life at 12 months (p<0.05), along with reduced monthly use of analgesic medications (p<0.05). It is indisputable that vitamin C provides benefits to everyone, whether they suffer from arthritis or not. Therefore, maintaining an adequate vitamin C intake is a good idea. Undoubtedly, vitamin C helps most people with early-stage osteoarthritis.

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3 (also known as niacin) plays an essential role in the processes of converting nutrients into energy, thus helping to support metabolism. It also helps maintain healthy skin, supports the normal functioning of the nervous system and may contribute to the regulation of cholesterol levels, thus having multiple benefits for overall health.

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Niacinamide (also known as nicotinamide or 3-pyridinecarboxamide) is the physiologically active form of niacin, or vitamin B₃. Deficiency of this vitamin leads to pellagra, a nutritional disorder with characteristic skin manifestations. Since its discovery and isolation, niacinamide has been credited with numerous dermatological benefits and therapeutic mechanisms, especially when used as a topical agent. These include its apparent anti-acne effects; its ability to increase epidermal sphingolipid synthesis; stimulation of markers for epidermal differentiation and dermal proliferation (benefiting the stratum corneum barrier); and modulation of UV-induced immunosuppression and associated tumorigenic processes. More recently, evidence has emerged suggesting that niacinamide can influence the skin’s appearance by suppressing melanosome transfer in the epidermis—impacting pigmentation—and by altering the topography of the epidermal surface. The mechanisms underlying these cutaneous effects are not yet fully understood. However, as an important precursor of NADH and NADPH, it has been hypothesized that topical niacinamide may enable this broad spectrum of activity by locally restoring the homeostatic balance of these two nucleotide coenzymes. Against a backdrop of growing interest and usage of niacinamide in recent years, this review addresses current knowledge about vitamin B₃, including an understanding of the physiological mechanisms and effects of niacinamide on the skin.

It is well known that some trace elements, such as zinc and copper, play a significant role in many forms of hair loss. However, the effect of zinc and copper in the pathogenesis of hair loss remains unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of zinc and copper in the blood in each of the four types of hair loss. A study was conducted with 30 healthy controls and 312 patients diagnosed with alopecia areata (AA), male-pattern hair loss, female-pattern hair loss, and telogen effluvium (TE) (2008 to 2011; Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea). Blood zinc and copper concentrations were evaluated between the control group and each of the four types of patients with hair loss. In all patients with hair loss, the mean serum zinc was 84.33±22.88 µg/dl, significantly lower than in the control group (97.94±21.05 µg/dl) (p=0.002), while the serum copper concentration was 96.44±22.62 µg/dl, with no significant difference (p=0.975). Analysis of each group showed that all hair loss groups had significantly lower zinc concentrations, but not copper. However, the proportion of patients with serum zinc concentration less than 70 µg/dl was significantly increased only in the AA group (odds ratio, OR 4.02; confidence interval, CI 1.13-14.31) and in the TE group (OR 1.12; CI 1.12-17.68). The data lead to the hypothesis that disturbances in zinc metabolism play a key role in hair loss, especially in alopecia areata and telogen effluvium, while the effect of copper on hair growth and shedding cycles still requires further studies.

Ascorbic acid is a potent stimulator of type I and III collagen expression in human skin fibroblasts; it has previously been reported to increase both the synthesis of type I and III collagen and their mRNA levels. Nuclear run-on experiments have shown that ascorbic acid enhanced transcription of the type I and III collagen genes by 4-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, while type IV collagen transcription was only mildly stimulated (1.7-fold). These results suggest that ascorbic acid preferentially upregulates transcription of the type I and III collagen genes.

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is one of the most common chronic diseases. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used in the treatment of this disease. Currently, there is increasing discussion about the effect of vitamins B and E in rheumatological diseases. This study aimed to investigate and compare the efficacy of administering vitamins B and E, in combination with diclofenac, on pain reduction in patients with knee osteoarthritis...

Vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, niacin) deficiency causes the systemic disease called pellagra, which manifests itself in dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and, depending on the severity and duration, can lead to death. Vitamin B3 is involved in the synthesis of coenzymes of the NAD+ family, contributing to cellular energy metabolism and the body's defense systems. Although nicotinamide (niacinamide) is mainly used as a dietary supplement for vitamin B3, its pharmaceutical uses...

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is essential for protein and carbohydrate metabolism while supporting nervous system function through neurotransmitter production. It also plays an important role in red blood cell formation and bolstering the immune system, thereby contributing to overall health.

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Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is part of the B-vitamin complex, essential for over 150 enzymatic reactions in the body and closely linked to nervous system and immune function. Although most people obtain sufficient vitamin B6 from their diet, deficiencies of other B vitamins (such as folate and B12) can increase the risk of a B6 deficiency…

Collagen solubility increased and the proportion of insoluble collagen decreased in the skin of mice deficient in both riboflavin and pyridoxine. Skin collagen content and aldehyde concentration of salt-soluble collagen were also lower in the deficient groups. The alpha:beta subunit ratio of salt-soluble collagen was higher in riboflavin deficiency...

The mechanism of pellagra skin changes caused by vitamin B6 deficiency has been studied in terms of proline neogenesis in skin collagen and glucose metabolism. In the case of vitamin B6 deficiency, the serum insulin/glucagon ratio decreased significantly from 3.02 to 2.32, indicating a metabolic shift towards gluconeogenesis. Vitamin B6 deficiency caused a decrease in the levels of vitamin-dependent enzymes, such as ornithine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase...

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) plays an essential role in the formation of red blood cells and maintaining a healthy nervous system, while supporting DNA production and energy metabolism. It also contributes to the synthesis and regulation of certain amino acids, making it vital for the optimal functioning of the body...

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Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential vitamin that your body needs but cannot produce on its own. It is found naturally in animal products, but is also added to certain foods and available as an oral supplement or injection. Vitamin B12 has many roles in your body. It supports nerve cell function and is needed for the formation of red blood cells and DNA synthesis...

Micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs) frequently lead to skin abnormalities affecting the skin, hair, and nails, and these skin manifestations often provide clues to the existence of an underlying deficiency. MNDs may be present in at-risk individuals who have poor absorption or insufficient dietary intake. The micronutrients that most commonly show skin changes include the B-complex vitamins: riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, biotin, and vitamin B12; vitamin C; the fat-soluble vitamins A, E, and K; the minerals zinc, iron, copper, and selenium; and the essential fatty acids...

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential for the hematologic and nervous systems, and it has a complex relationship with the skin. Altered cobalamin levels can lead to dermatological manifestations that may indicate either a deficiency or an excess of this vitamin. The biochemistry and metabolism of cobalamin are complex, and certain diseases may be associated with its altered levels…

Vitamina B7

Vitamin B7 (biotin) plays an essential role in macronutrient metabolism, helping to efficiently convert carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy. It is also associated with maintaining healthy hair, skin, and nails, and is frequently recommended in supplements to improve physical appearance.

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Biotin plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including energy metabolism, the health of hair, skin, and nails, as well as in diabetes management and supporting nervous system health. Maintaining an adequate intake through diet or supplementation is essential for preventing deficiencies and supporting overall well-being.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) supports energy metabolism by converting carbohydrates into usable energy and plays a crucial role in the normal functioning of the nervous system. It also contributes to maintaining muscle health and supports cellular growth and development processes.

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Young, warty albino mice were pair-fed with control and thiamine-deficient diets for five weeks. Skin and granuloma analyses showed that, compared with the control group, the thiamine-deficient group had a decrease in neutral salt collagen solubility, insoluble collagen, and total collagen content. Glycine-1-14C incorporation into skin collagen and free glycine content in the skin were also decreased. No changes were observed in the contents of...

Biochemical and mechanical experiments were performed to determine the effect of a thiamine-rich diet on collagen maturation during wound repair. Tear strength of excised wounds, isometric skin contraction tension, and lysyl oxidase activity of normal and repairing skin were determined. Mice were divided into three dietary groups and fed either a thiamine-deficient (-B1) diet or a thiamine-rich diet...

Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral in supporting the immune system, playing an important role in the synthesis of proteins and DNA. It also contributes to the healing process of wounds and the maintenance of healthy skin. In addition, zinc can influence hormonal balance and supports normal development of the body.

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Human skin is constantly changing. The condition of the skin largely depends on the general health of the individual. A balanced diet plays an important role in the proper functioning of the human body, including the skin. The present study draws attention to bioactive substances, i.e. vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, polyphenols and carotenoids, with a particular focus on their effects on skin condition. The aim of the study was to review the literature on the effects of bioactive substances on skin parameters such as elasticity, firmness, wrinkles, senile dryness, hydration and color, and to define their role in the skin aging process.

A study was conducted with 30 healthy control subjects and 312 patients diagnosed with alopecia areata (AA), male‐pattern hair loss, female‐pattern hair loss, and telogen effluvium (TE) between 2008 and 2011 at Hallym University Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital in South Korea. Blood concentrations of zinc and copper were evaluated in the control group and in each of the four hair‐loss patient groups…

Alopecia areata (AA) is a recurrent, non‐scarring form of hair loss considered to be an autoimmune process. Although its etiopathogenesis is not fully understood, there are claims that imbalances in trace elements may trigger the onset of AA…

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age‐related degenerative joint disease characterized by high oxidative stress, chondrocyte death, and cartilage damage. Zinc plays a role in the cell’s antioxidant capacity, and its deficiency may inhibit chondrocyte proliferation. This study investigated zinc’s potential as a preventive supplement against OA, using the SW1353 chondrosarcoma cell line in vitro and a Wistar rat model in vivo to mimic MIA‐induced OA progression.

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) helps convert nutrients into energy and supports a healthy nervous system. It also plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of skin, hair and nails, being involved in antioxidant processes and supporting the formation of red blood cells.

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Collagen solubility increased and the proportion of insoluble collagen decreased in the skin of mice deficient in both riboflavin and pyridoxine. Skin collagen content and aldehyde concentration of salt-soluble collagen were also lower in the deficient groups. The alpha:beta subunit ratio of salt-soluble collagen was higher in riboflavin deficiency...

The eight B vitamins are necessary for almost every process in the body. They help convert food into energy and influence the health of our nervous system, metabolism, organs, muscles, skin and hair. They are also essential for the growth, development and general functioning of cells. As such, they provide significant benefits for skin health, as our skin is constantly renewing itself. The healthier your skin is, the faster it renews itself...

Riboflavin (RF) is a water-soluble member of the B vitamin family. Sufficient intake of riboflavin from diet and supplements appears to have a protective effect on various medical conditions, such as sepsis, ischemia, etc., while also contributing to reducing the risk of some cancers in humans. These biological effects of riboflavin have been extensively studied due to its antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and anticancer properties...

Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) plays an essential role in the metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, transforming them into energy. It also contributes to the synthesis of coenzyme A, a key molecule in numerous biochemical processes. In addition, Vitamin B5 supports skin and hair health, having beneficial effects on tissue regeneration.

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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in adults previously diagnosed with mild to moderate acne vulgaris. Subjects were randomized to receive the study agent, a pantothenic acid dietary supplement, or placebo for 12 weeks (endpoint). The primary outcome of the study was the difference in total number of lesions between the study agent and placebo groups from baseline to endpoint...

Pantothenic acid — also known as vitamin B5 — is a water-soluble vitamin that is a precursor in the synthesis of coenzyme A. Coenzyme A is essential for numerous biochemical reactions that support life. The phosphopantetheinyl moiety of coenzyme A is also required for the biological activity of several proteins, including the acyl carrier protein, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids...

Vitamin B9

Vitamin B9 (folic acid) plays an essential role in the formation and maintenance of new cells, being particularly important during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy and fetal development. It also supports the production of red blood cells and contributes to the optimal functioning of the nervous system, helping to prevent birth defects.

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Vitamin deficiencies are increasingly being identified in association with skin conditions, and systemic and topical therapies have shown promising improvements. Some remarkable improvements have been achieved, but the wide variations in results suggest that these conditions are not simply related to a single deficiency or resolved by taking a single supplement. Supplementation with cyanocobalamin, pyridoxine (B6), and riboflavin (B2) has been associated with exacerbation of existing acne...

Yellow Melon Extract

Melon extract (Cucumis melo) is valued for its high antioxidant content, particularly superoxide dismutase (SOD), which helps neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body. It may also support skin health and the immune system, contributing to overall well-being.

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Watermelon has numerous health benefits, being rich in water, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals that can improve overall health and help relieve certain conditions. Popular with both children and adults, cantaloupe is a refreshing, healthy and easy-to-make summer dessert, and its high water content helps prevent dehydration. This fruit also contains a variety of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. Other names for cantaloupe include muskmelon, mush melon, rock melon and Persian melon. It is part of the Cucurbitaceae family, along with cantaloupes, watermelons and cucumbers...

Bearberry Extract

Bearberry extract (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) is valued for its content of arbutin and other phenolic compounds, which support urinary tract health through antimicrobial and diuretic effects. It also has antioxidant properties that may help protect cells against oxidative stress and maintain normal renal function.

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The common bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L. Sprengel) is a ubiquitous procumbent perennial shrub found throughout North America, Asia, and Europe. Its fruits are almost tasteless, but the plant contains a high concentration of active ingredients. The antioxidant activity of bearberry leaf extract in the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation assay was 90.42 mmol Trolox equivalents/g dry weight (DW)...

Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections due to its high content of arbutin (hydroquinone β-D-glucoside), which is now mainly used as a natural skin whitening agent in cosmetics. Bearberry has also been proposed as a natural antioxidant additive due to the high content of phenolic compounds in the leaves...

A large number of people suffer from alopecia or hair loss worldwide. Drug therapy using minoxidil and finasteride for the treatment of alopecia is available, but these have shown various side effects in patients. Thus, there has been an emphasis on the use of new therapeutic approaches that use bioactive products to reduce the risk associated with anti-hair loss drugs...

Acerola extract

Acerola extract (Malpighia emarginata) is notable for its high content of natural vitamin C and other antioxidants, playing a crucial role in strengthening the immune system and protecting cells against oxidative stress. It also supports collagen formation and contributes to maintaining skin health, helping to maintain an optimal level of energy and vitality.

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Scientific journal

To investigate the physiological functions of polyphenols from acerola fruit (Malpighia emarginata DC.), the effects on melanogenesis were studied. The crude concentrated extract of acerola polyphenols (C-AP) was used to examine the skin whitening effect in brown guinea pigs that were subjected to controlled UVB irradiation. The results show that C-AP significantly whitened the pigmentation of UVB-irradiated skin...

Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) is one of the richest natural sources of ascorbic acid and contains a multitude of phytonutrients such as carotenoids, phenols, anthocyanins and flavonoids. In recent years, this fruit has attracted increased interest among the scientific community and pharmaceutical companies...

L-lysine

L-lysine is an essential amino acid, needed for the production of proteins, including collagen, and for supporting tissue growth and repair. It may also contribute to better calcium absorption and strengthen the immune system, and has also been associated with a reduced frequency of viral infections such as herpes.

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Scientific journal

Proteins are composed of 20 amino acids. Each amino acid has an α-carboxyl group, a primary α-amino group, and a side chain called the R group (see image: Generic Structure of an Amino Acid). Unlike other amino acids, proline has a secondary amino group. The side chain varies from one amino acid to another. From a nutritional point of view, amino acids are divided into 3 groups—essential, nonessential, and semi-essential. Semi-essential amino acids are synthesized by the body, but are considered essential during times of stress...

Lysine may play a role in reducing anxiety, although more research is needed to support this claim. A 2003 study found that lysine blocked receptors involved in the stress response. Researchers observed that mice treated with lysine had reduced rates of stress-induced loose bowel movements...

Patients presenting with hair loss should be evaluated by medical history, dietary history, and physical examination to identify risk factors for nutritional deficiencies. Laboratory studies may be performed as needed. In patients without risk factors, additional laboratory evaluations to identify nutritional deficiencies are not warranted. For patients with nutritional deficiencies, it is clear that these deficiencies must be corrected. Further research is needed to determine whether there is benefit from nutritional supplementation in the absence of a documented deficiency...

There are various health benefits of lysine and lysine supplements, including improving cold sores, reducing blood pressure, and preventing symptoms of lysine deficiency. Lysine is one of the essential amino acids, those that cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained from dietary sources. In this article, we discuss lysine and look at the benefits and risks of lysine supplements, as well as how to use them...

Grape Seed Extract

Grape Seed Extract is rich in antioxidants (especially proanthocyanidins), which help neutralize free radicals and protect cells against oxidative stress. It also supports cardiovascular health by improving circulation and may support the appearance and elasticity of the skin, maintaining optimal levels of hydration and firmness.

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Scientific journal

The condition of the skin depends largely on an individual’s overall health. A balanced diet plays an important role in the proper functioning of the human body, including the skin. The present study draws attention to bioactive substances—such as vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, polyphenols, and carotenoids—with a particular focus on their effects on skin condition. The aim of the study was to review the literature on the effects of these bioactive compounds on skin parameters—such as elasticity, firmness, wrinkles, senile dryness, hydration, and color—and to define their role in the skin-aging process.

This review presents updated knowledge on factors affecting lipid oxidation and strategies to slow down oxidation in mayonnaise, with a special focus on natural antioxidants and their application in other similar emulsions...

Turmeric Extract

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) extract is rich in curcumin, a compound with powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It may help reduce inflammation in the body, support joint health, and help protect cells from oxidative stress. It also has potential benefits for cognitive function and cardiovascular health...

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Scientific journal

The fact that the skin is the most visible organ makes us aware of the aging process at every moment. The use of plant extracts and herbs has its origins in ancient times. Chronological aging and photoaging can be easily differentiated clinically, but they share important molecular features. We tried to gather the most interesting evidence-based evidence on plants and plant extracts used in anti-aging products. Our main idea was to highlight the mechanisms of action of these plant/herbal products, i.e. the “strategies”...

Wound healing consists of an orderly progression of events that restore the integrity of damaged tissue. Several natural products have demonstrated the ability to accelerate the healing process. The present investigation was conducted to determine the role of curcumin in changes in collagen characteristics and antioxidant properties during cutaneous wound healing in mice...

Curcumin promotes oral wound healing; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that curcumin could regulate gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs). This study investigated the effect of curcumin on the expression of wound-healing-related genes—such as type I collagen (COL1), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF-1), and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)—in an in vitro wound-healing model using hGFs, as well as the signaling pathway involved in curcumin’s regulation of these genes...

Curcumin is a compound isolated from turmeric, a plant known for its medicinal uses. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the medical community to identify new, low-cost, and safe molecules that could be used in the treatment of inflammatory and neoplastic diseases...

The development of new dermocosmetics has grown rapidly due to consumer demand for non-invasive products with fewer adverse effects than those currently available on the market. Natural plant-based compounds and plant-derived formulations have become popular due to the numerous safe active products that act through different mechanisms on several signaling pathways involved in skin aging...

We have previously demonstrated that a mixture of curcuminoid extract, hydrolyzed collagen, and green tea extract (GTE) inhibits the synthesis of inflammatory and catabolic mediators by osteoarthritic human chondrocytes. The objective of this study was to identify novel targets of GTE using genomic and proteomic approaches...

A search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane Review databases. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials reporting pain and physical function in people with knee OA, comparing turmeric therapy with NSAIDs or no therapy. Two reviewers screened 5273 abstracts. Risk of bias and study quality were assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010, respectively...

Sage Extract

Sage extract (Salvia officinalis) has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, helping to protect cells from oxidative stress. It may also support cognitive function, improving memory and attention, and may help balance symptoms associated with menopause. In addition, sage has antimicrobial compounds, and has been traditionally used to support oral and digestive health.

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Scientific journal

The fact that the skin is the most visible organ makes us aware of the aging process at every moment. The use of plant extracts and herbs has its origins in ancient times. Chronological and photoaging aging can be easily differentiated clinically, but they share important molecular features. We tried to gather the most interesting evidence-based on plants and plant extracts used in anti-aging products. Our main idea was to highlight the mechanisms of action of these plant/herbal products, i.e. their “strategies” in the fight against skin aging. Some of the plant extracts have the ability to neutralize free radicals, protect the skin matrix by inhibiting enzymatic degradation or promote collagen synthesis in the skin. There are plants that can influence the elasticity and firmness of the skin. Herbal principles certainly have a place in anti-aging cosmetics. On the other hand, there is a constant need for further evaluations and more in vivo clinical studies, with a focus on the concentration of ingredients in plant/herbal products, their formulation, safety and duration of the anti-aging effect.

Sage leaves (Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) contain high amounts of phenolic diterpenes, such as carnosol and carnosic acid, compounds that exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory potency of a sage extract (SE) rich in phenolic diterpenes in vivo, using the ultraviolet (UV)-induced erythema test. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, test areas on the backs of 40 healthy volunteers were irradiated with a 1.5-fold minimal erythema dose. Subsequently, these areas were occlusively treated with a hydrophilic ointment containing 2% SE, compared with 1% hydrocortisone and 0.1% betamethasone as positive controls, and vehicle alone was used as placebo...

Although aesthetic benefits are a desired effect of skin aging treatment, it is also important to control numerous skin conditions, especially in older people. The development of new dermocosmetics has increased rapidly due to consumer demand for non-invasive products with fewer adverse effects than those available on the market. Natural compounds of plant origin and plant-derived formulations have become popular due to the numerous safe active products, which act through various mechanisms on several signaling pathways involved in skin aging...

Papaya Extract

Papaya (Carica papaya) extract is rich in enzymes such as papain, which support digestion and may reduce gastrointestinal discomfort. In addition, this extract has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, helping to protect cells from oxidative stress and supporting the immune system. It may also help maintain skin health and elasticity by stimulating regeneration processes.

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Scientific journal

Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants, affecting redox signaling and causing cellular and tissue damage. This phenomenon leads to a wide range of medical conditions, including inflammation, skin aging, impaired wound healing, chronic diseases, and cancers, but these conditions can be properly managed with the help of antioxidants. This review presents various studies that provide an overview of how Carica papaya counteracts oxidative stress through different mechanisms of action closely related to its antioxidant properties, thus contributing to improved management of various health conditions associated with oxidative stress...

Papaya, also known as pawpaw and botanically as Carica papaya, is a common and delicious tropical fruit, of significant economic importance in many parts of the world. It grows on an evergreen tree that can reach between 2 and 10 m in height, with large, palmate leaves arranged in a crown shape at the top, while older leaves fade and fall from the base. The trunk is hollow and relatively soft. Its origin has been identified in Central America, but it is now indigenous to most tropical regions...

Oxidative stress results from the disruption of the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants, affecting redox signaling and causing cellular and tissue damage. This phenomenon leads to a number of medical conditions, including inflammation, skin aging, impaired wound healing, chronic diseases and cancers, but these conditions can be effectively managed with the help of antioxidants. This review presents various studies that provide an overview of how Carica papaya counteracts oxidative stress through mechanisms of action closely related to its antioxidant properties, thus improving the management of oxidative stress-related conditions...

Guarana extract

Guarana extract (Paullinia cupana) is valued for its high caffeine and antioxidant content, providing an energizing effect and stimulating mental alertness. It may also help reduce fatigue and support metabolism, while supporting weight management through its potential to accelerate fat burning. The bioactive compounds in guarana may also help protect cells against oxidative stress.

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Scientific journal

Guarana seeds (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapindaceae) exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, stimulant, and cognitive effects, as well as liver protection and weight loss benefits. Many of these actions are likely due to the high content of methylxanthines and tannins in the seeds. In Brazil—the world’s largest guarana producer—the plant material is predominantly used in the soft drink industry, although it is also employed in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. While the Amazon region has the largest cultivation area, the state of Bahia is the leading guarana producer in Brazil (71%)...

Guarana, a plant native to the Amazon basin, is valued for its high content of stimulant compounds (caffeine, theophylline, theobromine) and antioxidants (tannins, saponins, catechins), which confer multiple health benefits. Studies indicate that guarana can reduce fatigue, improve concentration and cognitive performance, thus helping to improve mental functioning...

Roasted seeds of the Amazonian guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis; Sapindaceae) are valued in South America for their stimulating activity on the central nervous system, due to the high content of purine alkaloids, especially caffeine. These seeds are widely used in the beverage industry in Brazil, being transformed into extracts for the preparation of soft drinks and energy drinks. The study investigated the anti-aging and antioxidant activity of guarana using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, and chemical analyses were performed by HPLC and ESI-MS/MS...

Copper

Copper is an essential trace element that participates in many processes in the body, including the formation of red blood cells and collagen synthesis. It also plays a role in maintaining a healthy immune system and nerve function, while helping to protect cells from oxidative stress.

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Scientific journal

Copper is essential for wound healing, but it is also a widespread environmental pollutant with the potential to accelerate skin aging. Wound healing and skin aging are facilitated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which remodel the extracellular matrix, and interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is bound to copper...

Copper has two key properties that have been exploited in consumer products and medical devices over the past decade. On the one hand, copper has strong biocidal properties; on the other hand, it is involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes essential for the proper functioning of almost all tissues in the human body. In the skin, copper participates in the synthesis and stabilization of extracellular matrix proteins and in angiogenesis...

In vitro and animal studies on osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity, as well as bone resistance to copper, are numerous and have shown encouraging results, but human studies are limited. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate the correlation between blood copper levels, daily copper intake, and copper supplementation in relation to bone mineral density. The review included 10 eligible studies: five studies analyzed blood copper levels, one study assessed daily copper intake, and four studies focused on copper supplementation...

Welcome to our section dedicated to truthful studies on the key ingredients in 21Collagen. Here you will find information based on recent research and articles published in specialized journals, which demonstrate the essential role of hydrolyzed collagen and other active ingredients in supporting your health and beauty.

For each ingredient present in the 21Collagen formulation, we provide relevant studies that attest to its benefits on skin, hair, nails and joints. We invite you to explore the methodology, results and conclusions of these researches, so that you can better understand the mechanisms of action and the reasons why 21Collagen offers complete care, from the inside out.

Whether you're interested in how marine collagen helps regenerate tissue or how peptides support skin elasticity and firmness, you'll find clear, easy-to-navigate scientific resources here. Plus, we provide links to internationally recognized journals and databases so you can directly verify the veracity of each conclusion and make an informed decision about your personal care.